Hypertension or High Blood is a condition in which the person is subjected to increased blood pressure is above normal or chronic (long periods). Hypertension is a disorder that is difficult to know by our own bodies. The only way to know hypertension is to measure your blood pressure regularly.
Note 9 of 10 people suffering from hypertension can not be identified the cause of his illness. That is why hypertension is called silent killer or the silent killer. Someone had felt the impact of severity of hypertension when there have been complications. So just realize when it has led to organ disorders such as disturbances of heart function, coronary, renal function, impaired cognitive function or stroke. Hypertension basically reduces the life expectancy of sufferers.
Besides hypertension caused high mortality rates (high case fatality rate) also have an impact on the expensive medications and treatments that must be borne by the patient. It should also be remembered for the reduction of hypertension also affect the quality of life.
Hypertension can actually be derived from parent to child. If one parent is affected by hypertension, the tendency of children to suffer from hypertension are higher than those who do not have parents Hypertension sufferers.
Diagnosis
In general, a person is said to suffer from hypertension if the systolic blood pressure / diastoliknya exceeds 140/90 mmHg (normal 120/80 mm Hg). Is the systolic blood pressure when the heart pumps blood into the arteries (when the heart contract). Is diastolic blood pressure when the heart expands and suck the blood back (empty deflating arteries).
Actually, the boundary between normal blood pressure and high blood pressure are unclear, so the classification of hypertension are based on high levels of blood pressure that lead to increased risk of heart disease and blood vessels.
According to WHO, in the last guidelines in 1999, limits the blood pressure is still considered normal is less than 130/85 mmHg, while if more than 140/90 mmHg is expressed as hypertension, and in between the TSB-called high-normal. (These limits are for adult individuals above 18 years).
Symptom
The occurrence mechanism of Hypertension Symptoms of hypertension include headache, flushing, headache, bleeding from the nose of a sudden, aching necks, and others. Impact that can be caused by hypertension is kidney damage, bleeding in the cornea (the retina), rupture of blood vessels in the brain, and paralysis.
Cause
Based on the cause, Hypertension can be classified into two namely:
1. Essential or primary hypertension
The exact cause of essential hypertension is still not yet known. However, various factors thought to have played a role as the primary cause of hypertension, such as increasing age, psychological stress, and heredity (descent). Approximately 90% of hypertensive patients classified as primary hypertension, while 10% is classified as secondary hypertension.
2. Secondary hypertension / li>
Secondary hypertension is hypertension that causes are known, among other abnormalities of blood vessels, kidney, thyroid disorders (hyperthyroidism), adrenal gland disease (hyperaldosteronism), and others. Because the largest group of patients with essential hypertension is hipertensia, then more investigation and treatment of patients with essential hypertension is intended to.
Based on the factor due to hypertension increases blood pressure in the arteries can occur in several ways:
- A stronger heart pumps that drain more fluid on every second
- There was thickening and stiffness in the artery walls due to advanced age. Large arteries lose elasticity and become rigid, so that they can not inflate when the heart pumps blood through the arteries. Hence the blood at each heart beat was forced to go through narrow vessels than usual and causes increased pressure.
- Increased fluid in the circulation can cause increased blood pressure. This occurs when there is renal dysfunction that can not throw some salt and water from the body. Blood volume in the body increases, so the blood pressure also increases.
Therefore, if the heart pumping activity is reduced, widening the artery experience, and plenty of fluids out of circulation. Then the blood pressure will decrease or become smaller.
Based on the trigger, which is not differentiated Hypertension can be controlled such as age, gender, and heredity. In 70-80% of cases of primary hypertension, history of hypertension was found in the family. When history of hypertension was found in both parents, the alleged primary hypertension is greater. Hypertension is also encountered in patients monozigot twins (one egg), when one of them suffered from hypertension. This conjecture is supported that genetic factors play a role in the occurrence of hypertension.
While that can be controlled, such as obesity, stress, lack of exercise, smoking, and alcohol and salt consumption. These environmental factors also influence the incidence of essential hypertension. The relationship between stress with hypertension, suspected by the sympathetic nervous activation. Sympathetic nerves are the nerves that work at the time we move, the parasympathetic nerves are nerves that work the moment we do not move.
Increased sympathetic nerve activity can increase blood pressure in intermittent (unpredictable). If prolonged stress, can cause high blood pressure settled. Although this has not been proven, but the incidence is higher in urban than in rural areas. This can be attributed to the influence of stress experienced by groups of people who lived in the city.
Based on the investigation, obesity is a characteristic of the population of Hypertension and proved that this factor has a strong correlation with the occurrence of hypertension in the future. Although not yet able to explain the relationship between obesity and essential hypertension, but the investigation proved that the power of the heart pumps blood volume and circulation of obese patients with hypertension is higher compared with patients who have normal weight.
Prevention
Hypertension can be prevented by setting a good diet and enough physical activity. Avoid habits such as smoking and consuming alcohol allegedly influential in increasing the risk of incidence of hypertension, although the mechanism is not known with certainty.
Treatment
Sport more associated with the treatment of hypertension, because isotonic exercise (such as cycling, jogging, aerobics) which may facilitate the orderly circulation of blood so it can reduce blood pressure. Exercise also can be used to reduce / prevent obesity and reduce salt intake into the body (the body will sweat out salt through the skin).
Treatment of hypertension in broad outline is divided into two types:
1. Non-drug treatment (non-pharmacological)
2. Treatment with medication (pharmacologic)
Non-drug treatment (non-pharmacological)
Non-pharmacological treatment can sometimes control the blood pressure so that the pharmacologic treatment becomes necessary or at least postponed. Whereas in cases where anti-hypertensive medications required, non-pharmacological treatment can be used as a complement to obtain better treatment effects.
Non-pharmacological treatment include the following:
1. Diets low in salt / cholesterol / saturated fat
2. Reduce salt intake into the body.
Advice on salt reduction, the patient must pay attention to eating habits. A drastic reduction of salt intake will be difficult. This treatment should not be used as a single treatment, but it's better used as a complement to pharmacological treatment.
3. Create a relaxed state
Various methods of relaxation such as meditation, yoga or hypnosis could control the nervous system which ultimately can lower blood pressure.
4. Exercise such as aerobics or brisk walking for 30-45 minutes as many as 3-4 times a week.
5. Quitting smoking and reducing alcohol consumption
Treatment with medication (pharmacologic)
Antihypertensive drugs. There are many types of antihypertensive drugs currently available. For the selection of appropriate drugs is expected to reach the doctor.
* Diuretics
Type diuretic drugs work by issuing body fluids (through urine) so that the volume of body fluids resulting in reduced cardiac pump power becomes lighter.
Example obatannya is hydrochlorothiazide.
* Inhibiting the sympathetic
This class of drugs works by inhibiting the activity of the sympathetic nerves (nerves that work when we move).
Example medicine are: Metildopa, Klonidin and Reserpin.
* Betabloker
Mechanism of action of anti-hypertensive drugs is through a reduction in cardiac pump power. Type betabloker not recommended in patients who have been known to suffer from respiratory disorders such as bronchial asthma.
Example medicine are: Metoprolol, propranolol and atenolol. In patients with diabetes mellitus have to be careful, because it can cover up symptoms of hypoglycemia (a condition in which blood sugar levels fall to very low which could result in harm to the sufferer). In the parents there are symptoms of bronchospasm (airway narrowing) so that drug administration should be careful.
* Vasodilators
These drugs work directly on blood vessels by relaxing smooth muscle (muscle of blood vessels). Included in this group are: Prasosin, Hidralasin. Side effects that may occur from drug administration are: headache and dizziness.
* Angiotensin conversion enzyme inhibitors
The workings of this class of drug is inhibiting the formation of angiotensin II substances (substances that can cause increased blood pressure).
Examples of drugs that belong to this class are captopril. Possible side effects include: dry cough, dizziness, headache and weakness.
* Calcium Antagonist
These drug classes reduce pump power of heart contractions by blocking the heart (contractility). Which include these drug classes are: nifedipine, and verapamil Diltiasem. Possible side effects include: constipation, dizziness, headache and vomiting.
* Angiotensin II receptor inhibitors
This is the way drugs work by blocking the attachment substance angiotensin II receptor resulting in lightness of heart pump power. Drugs that are included in this group is valsartan (Diovan). Possible side effects are: headache, dizziness, weakness and nausea.
With regular treatment and control, and avoiding risk factor for hypertension, the mortality rate due to disease can be suppressed.
No comments:
Post a Comment