Development of the computer to reach a state that now requires a very very long process. Following review of the stages that can explain these things:
1. Development of First Generation Computers
At this first stage, the development of computers get positive reinforcement factors of the outbreak of world war two. In other words, the military who fought well aware that by conducting research on the computer it will bring technological advances to a victory perperangan. They are well aware of the potential capabilities possessed by the computer. Therefore, in those days a lot of available funds for research, stings abundant development of the computer.
Impact of the abundant availability of funds is very significant, as seen with the discovery of the type of computer that is named "K3" to design aircraft and missiles, by Konrad Zuse, a German scholar in 1941. Then do not want to lose imuwan England in 1943 with the aim of defeating Germany, managed to find a machine that is named Colossus computer is designed to crack password codes from the German army. This Colossus is one important tool to capital Allied victory over Germany in World War II. But unfortunately the birth Colossus a major effect on world growth komupeter that time, it was caused by the nature of the characteristics of the Colossus is not itself a versatile computer (general-purpose computer) that where only designed to break the German secret codes and confidentiality of its existence maintained almost a decade due to security reasons to prevent the outbreak of war again.
From the American side continues to do computer research to continue to keep growing. In the year 1900 till 1973, an engineer from Harvard's Howard H. Aiken worked with IBM to successfully create the electronic calculator with ball field and a half feet long and has a total cable length of 500 miles for the U.S. Navy project that is named Mark I.
After the Mark I was born, and then created a computer that is multi-purpose (general-purpose computers) made by John Presper Eckert (1919-1995) and John W. Mauchly (1907-1980), named ENIAC. ENIAC was successfully created with co-operation initiative of the United States and the University of Pennsylvania. ENIAC itself is a continuation of the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer. ENIAC can work at speeds 1000 times faster than the Mark I.
Although the Colossus should not be touched, some research does not stop there! Starting in mid 1940, a team of University of Pennsylvania and John von Neumann (1903-1957) has a great concept to produce a computer with capacity that can be used in the next 40 years! From co-operation was created in akhit team in 1945, a computer that is named the Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC). Large core of potential value of EDVAC success is the existence of a central processing unit (CPU). This makes the computer can be controlled and controlled by a single source. In addition EDVAC have to accommodate the program memory or data. So that it allows computers to be able to stop at a certain time and then can be arranged to be able to resume. EDVAC encourage the growth of the commercial computer industry, therefore it's no wonder in 1951, the brand was born UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer I) became the first commercial computer that utilizes the work principle EDVAC, made by Remington Rand.
From the description above shows that the development of first generation computers are generally designed to perform a specific task in which it is characterized by the existence of binary-coded program that is very different (machine language). This makes the system work the first computer generation is very limited. Then the computer from the first generation is normally the use of vacuum tubes (that makes computers extremely large size) and for data storage using a magnetic cylinder.
2. Second Generation Computer Development
At this stage is strongly influenced by the invention of the transistor in 1948. With the invention of the transistor is very affecting to replace vacuum tubes in television, radio, and of course on the computer. Officially, the transistor was at work in computers since 1956. This has influenced the results of the size of a computer than if you are still using vacuum tubes. Downsizing the size of computers accelerated with the discovery of more and more like the growth and development of magnetic core memory. Some products that use this technology is IBM's computer production with the launch of schemes such as Strecth gradual and did not want to lose Sprery-Rand makes a computer named LARC etc. The development of computers with more obvious commercial purposes in the year 1960, with marked success in the emerging field of computer for business, government and education. At that time also emerged supporting accessories such as printers, floppy disks, etc. programs.
Developments described in the preceding paragraph also support for the birth of a programming language that can be learned like FormulaTranslator (FORTRAN) and Common Business-Oriented Language (COBOL). Computer industry, started to grow rapidly during the development of second-generation computer. Also during this period is also the starting point for the emergence of new areas of work such as computer systems specialists, programmers (expert programs) and data analysis.
3. Third Generation Computer Development
The core of the third-generation stage is the discovery in 1958 of IC (Intergrated Circuit). IC discovery was motivated by not satisfied at work when used inside a transistor in which the computer will generate enormous heat that could damage other components yag. IC quarsa made of rock (rock quarsa) identified by an expert scientist from Texas instruments, Jack Kilby. This reason, mendorng-important findings so that a chip can represent the number of components required by the computer. As a result, the computer looks more friendly and comfortable ketka used because that is getting smaller in size.
4. Fourth Generation Computer Development
For the development of computers in this generation may already be around our environment. IC previous spectacular discoveries made the development of the computer world is growing rapidly. This component is found to be marked by more superior than the IC and its derivatives.
Component which is referred to as a managed component that produced a mewakilki several components (kapasistanya superior to the IC) that is large scale integration (LSI), which can contain hundreds of components in just a chip. Not how long hose (1980) later refined products are also found in the 1980s, the Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI), which has a remarkable ability to be able to load thousands of parts only in a single chip. And maybe the Ultra-Large Scale Integration (ULSI), which has a more remarkable ability to increase that number into the millions.
Given the above findings are expected to impact on the emphasis that the cost of making computer-computer prices will continue to be cheaper and affordable by the middle to lower levels of society. One example of the market products that may often have we heard of until now is the Intel 4004 chip that was made in mid 1971. This was the beginning of the computer originally created and designed for commercial purposes that can be affordable for all parties.
5. Generation Computer-five Development (Computers the Future)
Whether, on the development of computers for the fifth time this is very difficult. Because it is still in a limited imagination. Maybe for you who read this ever watched a movie called "2001: Space Odyssey" by Arthur C. Clarke. In the film, is a computer picture of the future that may still be in the imagination of our minds. In the film, the computer can be programmed so that it can approach human thought. More severe in the film, the computer is able to reprogram themselves so they can just beat the human thought maybe his thinking.
Although the visual images that appear in the computer is still far from our thoughts and reality, but the signs to make it all already seen. So far there has been a computer that can be programmed to be able to respond orally and printah human reason.
Today has been a lot of advances in technology to support the development of computer technology. Among them was the discovery of parallel processing capabilities which are planned to replace the non-Neumann model! Parallel processing system where it will be able to work to coordinate the many CPUs simultaneously. It also has been found in superconducting technology, so it can deliver information faster than the previously used technology. Whatever happens, obviously sophisticated as anything the ability of a computer can not beat the ability to make, namely the human mind.
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